Traumatic Brain Injury

Also called: Acquired brain injury · TBI

About Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that causes damage to the brain. It may happen when there is a blow, bump, or jolt to the head. This is a closed head injury. A TBI can also happen when an object penetrates the skull. This is a penetrating injury.

Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe. Concussions are a type of mild TBI. The effects of a concussion can sometimes be serious, but most people completely recover in time. More severe TBI can lead to serious physical and psychological symptoms, coma, and even death.

The main causes of TBI depend on the type of head injury:

• Some of the common causes of a closed head injury include Falls. This is the most common cause in adults age 65 and older.
• Motor vehicle crashes. This is the most common cause in young adults.
• Sports injuries
• Being struck by an object
• Child abuse. This is the most common cause in children under age 4.
• Blast injuries due to explosions

• Being hit by a bullet or shrapnel
• Being hit by a weapon such as a hammer, knife, or baseball bat
• A head injury that causes a bone fragment to penetrate the skull

Some accidents such as explosions, natural disasters, or other extreme events can cause both closed and penetrating TBI in the same person.

Certain groups are at higher risk of TBI:

• Men are more likely to get a TBI than women. They are also more likely to have serious TBI.
• Adults aged 65 and older are at the greatest risk for being hospitalized and dying from a TBI

The symptoms of TBI depend on the type of injury and how serious the brain damage is.

The symptoms of mild TBI can include:

• A brief loss of consciousness in some cases. However, many people with mild TBI remain conscious after the injury.
• Headache
• Confusion
• Lightheadedness
• Dizziness
• Blurred vision or tired eyes
• Ringing in the ears
• Bad taste in the mouth
• Fatigue or lethargy
• A change in sleep patterns
• Behavioral or mood changes
• Trouble with memory, concentration, attention, or thinking

If you have a moderate or severe TBI, you may have those same symptoms. You may also have other symptoms such as:

• A headache that gets worse or does not go away
• Repeated vomiting or nausea
• Convulsions or seizures
• Not being able to wake up from sleep
• Larger than normal pupil (dark center) of one or both eyes. This is called dilation of the pupil.
• Slurred speech
• Weakness or numbness in the arms and legs
• Loss of coordination
• Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation

If you have a head injury or other trauma that may have caused a TBI, you need to get medical care as soon as possible. To make a diagnosis, your health care provider:

• Will ask about your symptoms and the details of your injury
• Will do a neurologic exam
• May do imaging tests, such as a CT scan or MRI
• May use a tool such as the Glasgow coma scale to determine how severe the TBI is. This scale measures your ability to open your eyes, speak, and move.
• May do neuropsychological tests to check how your brain is functioning

The treatments for TBI depend on many factors, including the size, severity, and location of the brain injury.

For mild TBI, the main treatment is rest. If you have a headache, you can try taking over-the-counter pain relievers. It is important to follow your health care provider's instructions for complete rest and a gradual return to your normal activities. If you start doing too much too soon, it may take longer to recover. Contact your provider if your symptoms are not getting better or if you have new symptoms.

For moderate to severe TBI, the first thing health care providers will do is stabilize you to prevent further injury. They will manage your blood pressure, check the pressure inside your skull, and make sure that there is enough blood and oxygen getting to your brain.

Once you are stable, the treatments may include:

• Surgery to reduce additional damage to your brain, for example to Remove hematomas (clotted blood)
• Get rid of damaged or dead brain tissue
• Repair skull fractures
• Relieve pressure in the skull

• Anti-anxiety medication to lessen feelings of nervousness and fear
• Anticoagulants to prevent blood clots
• Anticonvulsants to prevent seizures
• Antidepressants to treat symptoms of depression and mood instability
• Muscle relaxants to reduce muscle spasms
• Stimulants to increase alertness and attention

• Physical therapy, to build physical strength, coordination, and flexibility
• Occupational therapy, to help you learn or relearn how to perform daily tasks, such as getting dressed, cooking, and bathing
• Speech therapy, to help you to with speech and other communication skills and treat swallowing disorders
• Psychological counseling, to help you learn coping skills, work on relationships, and improve your emotional well-being
• Vocational counseling, which focuses on your ability to return to work and deal with workplace challenges
• Cognitive therapy, to improve your memory, attention, perception, learning, planning, and judgment

Some people with TBI may have permanent disabilities. A TBI can also put you at risk for other health problems such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Treating these problems can improve your quality of life.

There are steps you can take to prevent head injuries and TBIs:

• Always wear your seatbelt and use car seats and booster seats for children
• Never drive under the influence of drugs or alcohol
• Wear a properly fitting helmet when riding a bicycle, skateboarding, and playing sports like hockey and football
• Prevent falls by Making your house safer. For example, you can install railings on the stairs and grab bars in the tub, get rid of tripping hazards, and use window guards and stair safety gates for young children.
• Improving your balance and strength with regular physical activity

It sits within Brain and Nerves and Injuries and Wounds.

The lead U.S. institute for this subject is the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Where to read more

Rather than paraphrase, we point you to the primary sources. Every link below is to a government health agency, a national institute or a recognised medical body — grouped by what you are trying to find out.

Medical subject headings

Clinicians and researchers index this subject under Brain Injuries, Traumatic. These are the terms to use when searching medical literature.

This page is built from the MedlinePlus health topic record for Traumatic Brain Injury, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health. Information is from MedlinePlus.gov. PocketsInfo is not affiliated with, and is not endorsed by, the NLM or the NIH. Retrieved 30 July 2026.